Together, this study introduced an APA-enhanced framework for genome annotation, underscoring APA’s role in uncovering functional RVs linked to complex traits and diseases.

Thus, bioconjugation chemistry is no longer the limiting factor for multiplex cell surface protein imaging.

In conclusion, we have unveiled a previously unrecognized domainization principle of the chromatin, encoded by nucleosome wrapping states.

Our findings not only provide valuable insights into the structural roles of glycans in bio-assemblies but also demonstrate the potential of our recently formulated research strategy of CryoSeek to find bioentities and establish prototypes for structural studies of carbohydrates.

In conclusion, NanaPPI provides a robust, easy, and economical method for rapid in situ measurement of PPIs in cells and tissues, which has great potential for new PPI identification, PPI inhibitor screening, and PPI biomarker-based diagnosis in clinics.

Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of the heavily glycosylated Chlamydomonas mastigoneme at 2.3-2.5 angstrom resolutions. In addition to enabling analysis of accurate interactions for glycosyl packing, the high resolution map reveals an unprecedented 5',5'-phosphodiester bond that links adjacent glycan chains attached to hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues n and n+3. Structural analysis reveals a secondary structural element for glycoconjugates, which we name the poly-Hyp (pHP) glycohelix. Our work represents an important advancement in deciphering glycan folding.